Investments Worksheet Essay

Answer the following questions in at least 50 words each: What are the main differences between a 401K and a Roth IRA? One of the main differences between a 401K and an Roth IRA is that a 401k is offered by your employer, while the Roth IRA is something an individual seeks and funds on their own. With a 401K your employer contributes or matches what you are putting into your 401K. How would you explain the difference between a stock, a bond, and a mutual fund? A stock is like owning a piece of a company, you are investing your money into something that is your that can make you more money. A bond is like loaning money to a bank or the government and when they pay you back, they pay you back with interest. A mutual fund is like investing in something with a group of people. Everyone owns a piece of it and benefits from it if it grows. What are the risks and rewards of investing? For investors, risk comes in many forms. There’s the risk of a downturn in stock prices. There’s the risk that inflation will erode an asset’s purchasing power. There’s the risk of political instability affecting international markets, but without risk there is no rewards. Sometimes you have to take a higher risk to get a better reward. They say depending on age should be how much you should be willing to risk.

Protocol numbers Essay

Protocol numbers are used to configure firewalls, routers, and proxy servers. In Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4, Request for Comments [RFC] 791I), the protocol number can be found in the Protocol field of an IP header.ICMP Echos are used mostly for troubleshooting. When there are 2 hosts which have communication problems, a few simple ICMP Echo requests will show if the 2 hosts have their TCP/IP stacks configured correctly and if there are any problems with the routes packets are taking in order to get to the other side ICMP Echo Information Type Name Reference Echo Reply [RFC792] Codes No Code 1 Unassigned [JBP] 2 Unassigned [JBP] 3 Destination Unreachable [RFC792] Codes 0 Net Unreachable 1 Host Unreachable 2 Protocol Unreachable 3 Port Unreachable 4 Fragmentation Needed and Don’t Fragment was Set 5 Source Route Failed 6 Destination Network Unknown 7 Destination Host Unknown 8 Source Host Isolated 9 Communication with Destination Network is  Administratively Prohibited 10 Communication with Destination Host is  Administratively Prohibited 11 Destination Network Unreachable for Type of Service 12 Destination Host Unreachable for Type of Service 13 Communication Administratively Prohibited [RFC1812] 14 Host Precedence Violation [RFC1812] 15 Precedence cutoff in effect [RFC1812] 4 Source Quench [RFC792] Codes No Code 5 Redirect [RFC792] Codes Redirect Datagram for the Network (or subnet) 1 Redirect Datagram for the Host 2 Redirect Datagram for the Type of Service and Network 3 Redirect Datagram for the Type of Service and Host 6 Alternate Host Address [JBP] Codes Alternate Address for Host 7 Unassigned [JBP] 8 Echo [RFC792] Codes No Code 9 Router Advertisement [RFC1256] Codes 0 No Code 10 Router Selection [RFC1256] Codes 0 No Code 11 Time Exceeded [RFC792] Codes 0 Time to Live exceeded in Transit 1 Fragment Reassembly Time Exceeded 12 Parameter Problem [RFC792] Codes 0 Pointer indicates the error 1 Missing a Required Option [RFC1108] 2 Bad Length 13 Timestamp [RFC792] Codes 0 No Code 14 Timestamp Reply [RFC792] Codes 0 No Code 15 Information Request [RFC792] Codes 0 No Code 16 Information Reply [RFC792] Codes 0 No Code 17 Address Mask Request [RFC950] Codes 0 No Code 18 Address Mask Reply [RFC950] Codes 1 No Code PORT NUMBERS Service names are assigned on a first-come, first-served process, as documented in [RFC6335]. Port numbers are assigned in various ways, based on three ranges: System Ports (0-1023), User Ports (1024-49151), and the Dynamic and/or Private Ports (49152-65535); the difference uses of these ranges is described in [RFC6335]. System Ports are assigned by IETF process for standards-track protocols, as per [RFC6335]. User Ports are assigned by IANA using the â€Å"IETF Review† process, the â€Å"IESG Approval† process, or the â€Å"Expert Review† process, as per  [RFC6335]. Dynamic Ports are not assigned. The registration procedures for service names and port numbers are described in [RFC6335]. Assigned ports both System and User ports SHOULD NOT be used without or prior to IANA registration.

Blue Collar Jobs Essay

In the current economic situation in the U.S, graduating high school and going off to college for a degree has pretty much become the goal for most of the students here in the United States. According to the Institute of Education Sciences, studies have shown that between 1999 and 2009, the number of students in the United States perusing a degree in college full time has risen by almost 45% while part time students increased by 28%. With the vast expanding number of students, the number of job openings for these certain fields are simply not enough to provide every graduate with a job. Because of this problem the unemployment rates are staggeringly high here in the United States which includes the 44% those coming out of college. (Rampell) Take Kyle Bishop for example. Currently 24, he has been waiting tables, delivering beer, and working at a bookstore since 2009 when he graduated from the University of Pittsburgh. (Rampell) Stories like this arise every day and only more appear. It will eventually affect future college students pursuing a degree and those who return to study to obtain a degree. Despite these stories however, many companies have been seeking employees to fill up positions for months to years. Many of these jobs have included machinist, welder, and many more in manufacturing, hence blue collar jobs. Now you may be thinking, how can companies not fill up position for manual labor? But with the pace of the advancement of technology in modern society, machinery has become more complicated and requires a higher skill cap to use compared to before while the number of workers with the skill to operate them has been dwindling. In the North Dakota oil fields, there is a 30% shortage of petroleum engineers and a 10% shortage of machinists that the companies simply cannot find enough workers with the skillsets to fill up these positions. According to news article from the Dallas Morning News the workforce is very skilled but they’re mostly people with experience who are soon to retire. It seems like jobs can’t be found without experience and experience can’t be gained without a job however, many say vocational school may become a solution. Students will be able to gain experience by learning about certain jobs in the field and acquiring the skills required without the need of actually finding a job. More people would become qualified to take over the empty positions and those soon to be empty as people begin to retire and more skilled workers join the workforce which could ease the unemployment rates. Every move made can affect the future of the United States economy and the future workers. Education is certainly very important but obtaining skills to work certain jobs is probably one of the most important factors in getting a job.

Marketing Research - SPSS analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Research - SPSS analysis - Essay Example The frequency chart below shows that the shopping mall is the most preferred shopping destination of all the respondents. Given below is the correlation between the shopping destination preferences of the respondents. We find that there is significant negative correlation between high end department stores and the other variables showing that the respondents significantly prefer high end department stores than others. We find that 39 of the respondents do not use television as the source of information. The Fisher’s exact test shows that there exists no significant difference between the male and female with regard to this source. We find that 42 of the respondents use magazine as the source of information. Only 6 of the 36 females do not use magazine as a source. The Fisher’s exact test shows that there exists significant difference between the male and female with regard to this source. All other sources involved in the study are also used by the respondents as sources of information but do not produce significant results of difference between male and female. We also realize that the radio is not used as a source of information by all the respondents. We find that there exists significant correlation between the respondents’ likeliness to purchase underwear and formal top. Similarly there exists significant correlation between the likeliness to purchase skirt/trousers and shirt blouse. There exists no significant negative correlation between the various aspects of

Gathering Research Data Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gathering Data - Research Paper Example The paper will focus on the ways at which the lives of these policemen are threatened and also the way they, the policemen feel about their jobs. Most of the policemen have different feelings about the nature of the jobs that they chose to take as their professions. The feelings that they have significaantly depend on the ways at which they have lived their lives while in the line of duty. The methods that are to be used to collect information in this research are interviews, questionnaires, ethnography, and secondary data which include papers that have ever been written and relate to the same topic. These questions are to be asked in the open ended interviews and questionnaires. Open ended questionnaire were used in qualitative research because it facilitates better knowledge of the nature of issue at stake. There is also the fact that open ended questionnaires give room for self opinion without influence since the questioning is done in private (Patton, 2002). How do you see your p rofession? Do you enjoy what you are doing? What problems do you face at work? How do you solve the problems that you face? How do you manage to balance between family and work? Do you know of any friend who has in the past been impacted by the stresses of work? Written sources from the past have shown that a majority of policemen feel that they have faced grave danger in their works or near death experiences. These show that what they do to protect the common citizen is by a far extent a great threat to their lives and the welfare of their loved ones. Despite the fact that every police officer is conscious of the physical and mental dangers that they may face, or they are already facing in the line of duty, most of them have been greatly impacted on by these danger or hazards to the extent that they become mentally disturbed. The pressure of being on the law enforcement sectors puts many police officers on the risks of getting diseases such as high blood pressure, increase in destr uctive stress hormones, heart problem or even sometimes the risks of committing suicide. This shows the dangers that police officers encounter while in the line of duty. Some of the officers get killed while trying to enforce the law while some end up getting mental problems since they have encountered stressing situations while in the line of duty (Bano, 2011). Most of the policemen that have been questioned in past interviews expressed the fact they get out of their homes with the fear that they might never get to return since they may end up being killed by gangsters leaving their families to suffer if they were the sole bread winners in the family. Others stressed on the fact that they make mistakes when they are trying to execute their work, and these mistakes in the end cost them their jobs, rendering them jobless with no ways of catering for their family needs. In some cases such as job accidents where individuals get hurt, it is up to the police officer to take responsibilit y for the damage. In this case, the officer who might have shot the person is then taken into custody or gets fired despite the fact that he or she had no intention of committing the mistake. The officer gets to pay for the mistake that he or she made in the line of defending innocent civilians. A research conducted by Bushara Bano showed that the factors that contribute

Writing a Management Report for the Case Company Zenith PM Essay

Writing a Management Report for the Case Company Zenith PM - Essay Example It also discusses the potential impact that Zenith PM would have to face as a result of the change in the method of construction. Additionally, the paper also confers how the company can carry out the implementation of offsite manufacturing in addition to the issue it would have to emphasis on for a smooth transition. Conclusively, the paper also presents all the risk management issues that Zenith PM needs to consider while exercising the approach offsite manufacturing. 1. Introduction The declining level of housing supply in the UK together with a huge increase in the number of households (Barker, 2003; DETR, 2000; ODPM, 2005), has led to an heightened requirement for new housing across the nation. This lead to widespread concerns, as to whether the traditional construction processes would be able to fulfil the mounting housing demand in addition to meeting the elevated quality standards (Barker, 2003; Housing Forum, 2002; ODPM, 2003). Consequently there have been extensive calls for the implementation of offsite manufacturing. Various reviews have recommended that the offsite manufacturing approach could both develop the quality of construction and counterbalance the effect of skills deficiencies in the construction industry. The UK Government had coined the term Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) to depict a number of modernizations and improvements in house building. A vast majority of these innovations are offsite manufacturing approaches, moving work from t he production location to the factory (Gibb, 1999). Many researchers have widely considered the advantages from the exercise of such technologies (Gibb, 1999; Housing Forum, 2002; Parry et al., 2003; Sparksman et al., 1999; Venables et al., 2004) and they principally take account of reductions in expenditure, time, faults, health as well as safety risks and ecological impact in addition to a resulting amplification in predictability, performance and earnings. Offsite manufacturing system is highly recognized in the United Kingdom. As a result, actions to support the implementation and acceptance of offsite construction techniques in the UK construction industry are substantial, consisting of a number of research initiatives, groups of practice and government endorsed forums. During the period 1997 to 2001, the UK government had been put in around ?5 million in research projects that were related to offsite construction and manufacturing. The industry funding into the modern methods of construction, during the same period of time was also approximately around ?5 million, making the cumulative funding in this field equivalent to ?10 million (Gibb, 2001). 2. Offsite Manufacturing Offsite manufacturing is a significant category of modern methods of construction. It can be referred to the segment of production procedure that is completed away from the location of the building in industrial units. Some of the examples of off-site manufacturing are panel building systems, modular construction, hybrid and sub-assemblies & components (Building Research Establishment, 2009). The panel building systems consist of walls, roofs and floors in the structure of flat pre-engineered panels. These panels are manufactured on site to build up the box like essentials of the construction, after

Chapter seven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter seven - Essay Example The discussions about inflation actually impacted on my thoughts. First, now I know that inflation results from the increase in the costs of production which compels producers/sellers to increase the prices of their commodities. In addition, I learnt about the negative impacts of inflation in an economy (Baumol, W.J. & A.S. Blinder, 2007). As these authors examine, inflation is not a good experience since it can lead to an increase the costs of living, unemployment and abandonment of a country’s currency. These are very important lessons that not only enlighten me, but prepare me as an economist. The knowledge about inflation can help me in making important decisions regarding finances. Since inflation destructive, it should be adequately controlled. If I become a policy maker, I would apply these scholars’ ideas on inflation control. In case it occurs, I can advocate for feasible monetary policies such as credit squeeze, increased interests rates and initiate projects that can stimulate economic growth. This can help in saving the economy from

FCB Australia Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FCB Australia Agency - Essay Example at run through a haze of corporate and organizational assumptions and goals have been invariably influenced by the relative importance of dynamic event-oriented outcomes including those related to the benchmarking organizational efforts (www.adage.com/datacenter/2008) . 1.1. Organizational Structure of Draft FCBThe organizational structure of Draft FCB Australia is said to be unique in that it's probably the only organization with a unified agency structure thus delivering its communications services through-the-lines capabilities to a diverse and complex group of clientele. The operational structure in regional agencies like that of Australia and New Zealand is democratically structured with a country head or director in charge. The company's optimal operational structure with the Integration Committee of 35 individuals is headed by a president and a world chief creative officer. Three major tiers can be identified in its managerial and operational hierarchy. The first tier at the top is occupied by the President, the Chief Executive Officer and the Global Chief Creative Officer. Immediately under the above triumvirate comes the layer of Integration Committee Members who assume both executive powers and accountability to the top management (Briggs & Stuart, 2006). Each Committee member is responsible for the design, planning and implementation of the company's integration policy in a few assigned countries. The third tier is occupied by those senior managers whose responsibilities include the planning and execution of strategy. Thus many responsibilities for day-to-day operational management of Draft FCB Australian Agency are assumed by this Integration Committee. Despite the fact that country operations are carried out on an individual unit... FCB Australia Agency Draft way back in 1978 was engaged in direct marketing as an agency and was then known as Kobs & Brady. In the year 1986 it was sold to Ted Bates Worldwide and Howard Draft who was an accounts executive in the company then was passed along to the new management. In 1988 Draft became its Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Chairman. As a result the Agency was named Kobs & Draft. Again in 1995 the ownership of the Agency was reverted to Draft and was called Draft Direct Worldwide. In 1996, the Interpublic Group of Companies acquired Draft Direct Worldwide. With the merger of the two companies in 2006, Draft FCB became the biggest advertising agency in Chicago. As at present the Agency in Chicago has approximately 11,000 employees and the world-wide offices including the Draft FCB Australia are headed by Howard Draft, as the Executive Chairman, Laurence Boschetto, as the CEO and president, Jonathan Harries, as the Vice Chairman and Global Chief Creative Officer and Neil Miller, CFO. Draft FCB Australia Agency has acquired a unique distinction of being one of the leading advert agencies in the whole country. This unique positron is attributed to its remarkable accounts growth with best of clients. Draft FCB Australia has been successfully orienting itself to meeting not only the challenges posed by its competitors, both small and big, but also been able to achieve an ever expanding growth trajectory in keeping with its global strategy of being creating value through-the-line.

Imagination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Imagination - Essay Example In essence, the first gaze is all about the visual element of tourism in the sense that tourists will get what they see. Focusing too much of the visual aspects may not necessarily be the best way of enhancing tourism in a particular region. The commercial aspect of tourism is mainly concerned with ego in the sense that completeness and self-sufficiency are the primary driving factors in such form of tourism. In as much as Urry’s tourist gazes appear to make sense, it is important to note that the first gaze is far from monopolizing the tourism field. Concerning the second gaze of tourism as posited by John Urry, it is worth noting that there is a great contradiction with the first gaze. Usually what a tourist sees is not exactly what he or she will get. Therefore, they must understand that seeing may not necessarily lead to believing. It is not advisable to believe everything that one sees or encounters because even the most elaborate books or tourism guides have some hidden information that are not available to the public. In this regard, the presentation of any tourist attraction plays a primary role in the second gaze compared to the attraction itself. By presenting tourist attraction in an enticing manner, people are more likely to believe what they see even if what they have been told does not correspond with the actual situation on the ground. Runyon Canyon’ photo is okay only that it depicts scenes that most of the ordinary Americans are not familiar with. Although it is a good thing that the photo has not revealed the major landmarks of Los Angeles, it is also negative that most people will fail to identify with the photo. The photo is beautiful and acceptable in the sense that it shows the skyline of Los Angeles as the sun goes down. The image of Griffith Observatory at night creates a sense of peace to the viewers because of the beautiful

The Glass Menagerie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Glass Menagerie - Essay Example She would rattle off the numerous names of her suitors and she would recount their consequent fame and fortune after some years. However, she would always refer to her husband with a note of regret and sadness. Amanda also failed to accept the disability of her daughter, Laura, who is a cripple, so she refused to face the reality that Laura would naturally have fewer suitors due to this disability. Instead, she would say that there must be a typhoon on a certain day since Laura has no gentleman callers. Amanda also exercises considerable control over her children. For instance, Amanda demands that Tom, her son should join them during meals. One of her dreams is that Laura gets to marry a fine gentleman. She also wants Laura to study the typewriter and practice the shorthand so that the gentlemen callers will perceive that she is well-bred. Laura has a low self-esteem as shown by her deep sensitivity to the negative perceptions of other people. She also seems to have an unstable mental condition. Instead of braving the negative perceptions of her classmates at the Business College, she instead chose to stay at home and be comforted by the presence of her glass collection. Hence, she settled for a less daunting feat: playing with beautiful glass figurines everyday.

Chinese popular culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Chinese popular culture - Essay Example Especially in immensely growing economies like China or India, college graduates are of pivotal importance. This is because college graduates are the source of talent for the countries. Due to unemployment for many reasons, the pool of talent at the college level is lost and their talents to ensure sustainable growth over the period of time go into the drain. In China, it is estimated that this year around 7 million students will pass out from colleges and universities. These numbers are the biggest since 2012, when 6.8 million students passed higher college or universities. Keeping this in view, unemployment rate in China will go above the current rate, i.e. 20%, as around 54% out of 7 million students would find it difficult to find a suitable job (Chan, 2010). In this scenario, where college graduates are still unemployed, the Chinese government has to step in and facilitate those students. Biggest advantage of unemployment that Chinese college graduates can receive is that, they are provided with funds by the government in order to empower them to start earning. But on the other hand, majority of the Chinese corporations and businesses are more leaning towards foreign talent than to trust their own pool of talent. As a result, this pool of talent is becoming a waste and the college graduates’ lifestyle has also gone below par. The perfect example of projecting this misery is that, Chinese unemployed graduates are forced to live in small colonies, where each apartment is filled with 8 to 9 college graduates. Despite of living difficulties these college graduates are facing, another dilemma they are indulging into is criminal activities. By adopting a wrongful path, these college graduates aim to make more money in a relatively less amount of time (Solinger, 1999). To meet their expenditures, these unemployed college graduates majorly depend upon the aid they receive from the government. This aid enables unemployed college graduates to fulfill their ex penditures for housing, education, food and travelling. But, due to increasing unemployment, the aid provided to the students is becoming a burden on national reserves. Chinese government reports millions of Yuan that are spent on the social security of these unemployed college graduates. On the other hand, other source of income for these unemployed college graduate is through criminal activities, purchase and sell of drugs, engaging into trash jobs which prevents the talent to reach at the top notch corporate level where the can prove to be more beneficial. Even if they find a job, it might be in the field for which they are not qualified or they do not have ambitions for. In this scenario, they fall victim to boredom at job place and their performance levels are decreased. Moreover, it causes severe depression and stress due to dissatisfaction form the job. Unemployed Peasant Laborers Peasant laborers are those laborers who work at a very basic level of country’s economy. These might include farmers and other self-employed basic level workers. These workers are considered as being the biggest victim of unemployment. This is because, these are the one who produce items of basic necessities and perform basic jobs that are pivotal for the growth of

Personal Life and Dear Fellow Students Essay Example for Free

Personal Life and Dear Fellow Students Essay Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are very important, and yet, necessary component of a happy and healthy life. It helps the undeterred growth of our mind and body at the same time adding smile and tenderness to our daily life. Hence, the value of relaxing and having fun is just as significant as the importance of a dedicated working day at office, or a committed day of learning at school. As the saying goes â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† one must not only work hard but also devote equal time to nature the mental and physical aspect of life. Therefore, in essence, to position ourselves as well-formed, energetic and happy individuals in our society we must develop a balance between our work and entertainment, education and play. After all, what is the use of having a huge amount of wealth or knowledge if one doesn’t have a cheerful personality to enjoy them? Is there anyone out there willing to buy a painting at the cost of his or her eyes†¦? No one, am I right†¦? I am sorry to have chosen a harsh analogy, but in fact, this is what we do when we become mere workaholics. We sacrifice too heavily on something in search of happiness which ultimately turns out to be the very reason for our unhappiness! Respected judges, teachers and my dear fellow students a very good morning to you all. Be it us, the students, our parents or the global workforce, the contemporary life of all of us has become extremely busy. We have developed kind of an object driven and materialistic attitude towards life and living. To the extent that we care only the marks and money! We don’t, or little realize that ceaseless working or studying reduces our efficiency and make our life dull and depressing. Dear fellow students, physical, recreational and relaxation activities are.

Schools of Thought on Strategic Management

Schools of Thought on Strategic Management Strategies are among the most crucial key of an organization in order to accomplishing their specified goals and objectives. According to Mintzberg H Quin B (1997, p39) Strategy is the pattern plan that incorporates an organizational goal, policies and action successions at large. Hence, managers or the top level of an organization require to be very deliberate when choosing the strategy for them to put through in the market, to endure and to win their Rivals. In this assignment, the school of strategies which include planning school, culture school and positioning school of Minztberg will be examined to show these strategies were put into action to help organization be more active in the global market. This assignment also exemplifies some international theories which are Porters diamond, five forces and product life cycle of an organization by analyzing Tesco Plc case. School of Strategies overview It is undeniable that strategical evolution is the fundamental element for the endurance and success of every business. Evidently, each organisation ought to have appropriate strategies and conform it to the conditions that come up in a competitory market. Turner (2003) stated that in an attempt to channelize those whose task it is to put strategy into exercise, Henry Mintzberg, el at (1998) Depicted the process of a strategy campaign and has keyed out ten schools of thought in respect of strategy evolution. These schools have changed in popularity overtime. The ten different schools were separated into the groups of prescriptive, descriptive and synthesis. The difference point between the prescriptive schools and the descriptive ones is that the former concentrate on strategy preparation while the latter emphasize strategy development. The three prescriptive schools are considered the efficiency and constancy foundations which make directions as well as objectives for the growth of organisations. According to Stacey (2007), the three prescriptive schools are the design school, the planning school, the positioning school .These three schools become both profound and preconditioned factors of strategic development for each organisation.expanded to these schools, the different descriptive schools which are entrepreneurial school, the cognitive school, the learning school, the power school, the cultural school and the environmental school give deep insights in strategy preparation. All strategy views Acknowledge the relevancy of entrepreneurship. The last group is synthesis that comprises of the configuration school, which incorporates the aspects of all the other schools in terms of configurations or in term of transformations (Stacey, 2007). This school corresponds an attempt at integration which definitively recognizes the complexness of strategy. This assignment will take three schools which are the plamiing school, the culture school and the positioning school to analysis and apply to Tesco to show these models work and how an organisation apply these models to achieve their targets, objectives and be successful in global market. 2.1- The Planning School 2.1.1- Definition The planning school is a member ofthe prescriptive school which is normally more refer with how the strategy should be articulated instead of how they should be constituted. This model deals with consequences such as budgeting, scheduling and programming. Every business Demands to have program for them so to emergence and development, thus this model can be Implemented in many firms such as Tesco to help them be the global organisation. 2.1.2- Discussion Tesco was fotmd 1924 by Jack Cohen. Over many years, today, Tesco become one of the Biggest retailers in all over the world. How they become successful like theyre at present? They need to have a effective plan which is establish on predicting how the economic is going to be, what they prefer to be, what will be the market and so forth. The answer for these questions should be the planning school. Ftuthermore, the planning school retrospects the Ansoff Model which Tesco used to analyse their market and products. They want to be globalisation so they open Tesco in many countries of the world where they set up their products to acquire new markets. For example, Tesco opened stores in Japan where people prefer to buy fresh food each day, Hence, the existing hyper market formats dont meet the needs of local buyer. Tesco also has inducted big amount of money on product development. In following Ansoff marketing strategies, Tesco is attempting to increase number of customer and number of sales. This school also aspects intimately at the SWOT model, the internal strength weakness as well as the external opportunities and threat as mention in Marko Makipaa (2004). Tesco applied SWOT model which can tell them their strength such as branch name, national store network to evolve and win their challengers. It also shows them their weakness such as deficiency of Worldwide scale or menace of takeover to assist them find the way to tix it and to change it in near ihture. They recognised the extemal opportunities of Tesco can be beyond the sea growing market in Eastern Europe and Asia and financial service which might be a good opporttmity to focus on and to become progressively participate in global market. In addition to that, the threat of Tesco is the entry of Walt Mart, the evolving of local Sainsbury, etc. So by using the planning school which relates to Ansolf Model and SWOT analysis, an organisation will know the theories , plan for their new product and market , manage their budgeting, schedule, programme, select the best choices and methods to fit their aim and objectives. This model also antecedences its strategies by hierarchy. The long-run strategies is the ones, which are at highest order, accompanied by the average and then by short-term plan. 2.1.3- Limitation Nevertheless, while applying this model,company may be confronted by some disputes as this model comprises some issues which can impact on organisation. First of all, planners may focus too much on rendering newer strategical concepts, thus directing the current aims at sub standard level, amusing the attention from the original purpose directing to false beliefs. Risk is major issue in this model as people who apply these concepts could decide to try and Vie against rival challengers and therefore bring forth new strategies, which could be very risky as in Sadler P(2003). Second, planning school is all out forecast and anticipating future based on some strategies and current trend of economy, even so, it will be very diflicult and risky to make the decision and put through it before. Establishing strategy and decision on Supposition and doubts could due to the diverting the organisation original strategy and also disregard the organisations necessity of strategy. 2.2- The Culture school 2.2.1- Definition The cultural school is one of subclasses of descriptive schools. This school ascertains strategy Constitution as a corporate process. The approach of this school attempts to involve the several groups and sections within the company: strategy establishment is deemed a fimdamentally collective and combined process. The strategy thats formulated is a manifestation of the corporate culttue of the organisation. . This model centers on the all-important role the social procedures, opinions and values are playing in decision making and in strategy establishment. ln addition to this, it not only explains opposition to strategic change but helps to deal with paramount values in organisations or in regions also. 2.2.2- Discussion The culture of Tesco plays a critical part in the company; this is a great deal of concerned about the way in which people in the organisation interact with one another. If people didnt interact Comfortably with one another, this could be bad for decision making; this could also lead to poor decision being induced. Tesco have a positive culture. The type of culture of Tesco is a customer ridden culture. Customer driven culture is everywhere in the business and makes a real effort to improve customer service, marketing research, hiring right people, and training. The business is trying to update the teclmology e- commerce. It also has a positive culture where staff and workers communicate well. They also respect change as chance than not a treat. Furthermore, the culture of Tesco is seen as a dynamic one. This is proved in the way a business is looking for a change how they work better, and always anticipating new ideas to attract more customers. 2.2.3- Limitation A apportioned dedication to beliefs encotuages consistency in an organisations behaviour, and Hence by admonishes changes in strategy. Its culture that profoundly accommodated opinions and understood asstunptions that act as powerful internal barriers to fimdamental change. Also, the vague of this model is main reason leading to opposition to change. It can be missed to justify the status-quo. Consequently, each organisations attention has also been addressed at how to overcome the strategy limitation of organisational culture. 2.3- The Positioning School 2.3.1- Definition The Positioning school is where the organisation can formulate its strategic position within the industry. Put differently, positioning is oneself in competitive strategy. This model ascertains strategy structure as an analytical development. Porter (1980) was the founder of the positioning school; he revolved around the formation of industries and their effect on strategies. The positioning approach looks at the companys place in the economic market lay whose goal is to differentiate the organisation from others within the same field. (Steward C, el at ,2005) 2.3.2- Discussion This model has been applied in many firms such as Tesco to help them to positioning itself in the market so that theyll situate out amongst the rest, and how to accomplish high profit than other firms through market position. Tesco use Porters five force analysis to empathise the competition. Porters Five Forces Model implies that business are being acted upon by five forces i.e. supplier power, threat of replacements, customer power, barriers to entry and competition. This model also entails that business requirement be able to be well aware of the industry Condition in which they function. For TESCO, their main challenger is ASDA. The competition is firm between the two food retail companies as healthy as with others like Sainsbury. ASDA is possessed by WalMart which is the leading grocery succession in the United States. They are famous for low priced items. This is among the reasons why people lean to go to their stores for their frequent shopping necessitates. When they expanded in the Great Britain, they brought by way of them their cost leadership strategy. This led to the similar success that theyve in the United States. All the same, TESCO was competent to preclude ASDA last year. How Tesco conquer ASDA using Porter strategy is explained as follows: According to Porter (1985), a business position is based on its strength and strength is classified into two cost advantage and distinction. When these strengths are applied, it Leaves aftermath to three generic strategies focus, distinction and cost leadership strategy. Out of these three generic strategies, cost leadership strategy plays a important undertaking in the achievement of TESCOs competitive benefit over ASDA. Cost leadership strategy means that the business is the low cost producer or supplier of a definite quality item in a Intended industry. 2.3.3- Limitation While considering the positioning school, manager or an organisation must aware of some limitation and taking into concern regarding it. First of all, the top level in hierarchy of an organisation will be the one who fonnulate the strategies whilst execution will be done by the lower level. This could induce the problem such as incompatibility. Managers could have sets of the ideal but they fail to interpret these ideal to lower levels and due to the Abortive execution. It also creates the de-motivation for their employees. (Susanne, R 2005). The additional problem of this model is its direction. Its a bit much constrict in that its just concerned in the information thats either economic or quantifiable. The social, technological or political which is really crucial information havent taken into consideration. This model also established on the anticipation of succeeding tendency by generalising the present tendency which alters quickly in the time period for variety of reason. If th e preceding and present trends are the only reference used to anticipate the succeeding trends, the strategies are really insecure to go wrong in execution. Whittington school of strategies Nevertheless, in notion of Whittington, schools of strategies are of four types and it will be poor if we discuss the strategic management without referring the theories of Whittington. Each theory presses out the disputes about human capability to think moderately and act more efficaciously. Once each manager straightaway confronts with these conflicts, he will be better able to examine their own action and eventually select which most common theory is most appropriate with their requirements. Hence, these four views are regarded as the crucial tools for strategic management of each business. Lets look at the figure below, well see the summary about the four more common theories: It can be easily to see that Tesco remain in evolutionary part since their strategy is to keep price low, do publicity and their choice open which can appeal increasingly customer come to them. Comparing the cost of Asda, Sainbury with Tesco , it always show that the cost in Tesco is very much lower and they also do more publicity than their rivals. Furthermore, people who come to Tesco to purchase something cheaper not only buy those particulars but they also buy the other things which they require. Therefore, even do more publicity and the price is cheaper, Tesco still persist their sales and budget. So, using this strategy is the right way for Tesco and they can be progressively successful in the time to come. All the same, by a systemic view, theres no better way of strategy: only play by the local rules. Its visible that the four approaches to strategy widely dissent in their advice to management. Realising and know how to enforce each approach in the business system are the fundamental factors which prompt each organisation to participate more actively in the global market. The succeeding part will be some strategies which Tesco applied or can be applied in Tesco to accomplish their goal and objectives. Global Retail Strategic Decision Among the most debatable trends in todays retail industry is globalization. The global arena has proved highly hard for numerous retailers over the preceding two Xs. Retailers Functioning in local marketplace is extremely acted upon by fluctuation in consumer behaviour. Newcomers in market such as Brazil, Indonesia and Thailand ascertain articulated deviations in consumer testes, purchasing behaviour and expense. Several retailers have tried and failed to establish themselves into Global marketplaces. This part of assignement will help in understanding and the preparation of global strategy for Tesco Plc. The section will use Porter 5 force, Porter Diamond strategy, Porter generic and PLC model analysis to render an penetration into Tescos position in the intenational market. This will help management in constituting to correct strategical selections in terms of corporate and global strategy to keep off the trouble which could come from unfamiliar of new environment of each countryy that Tesco expand into it, such as new customer, new supplier and new competitor. 4.1- Overview of Tescos Strategy The way Tesco PLC raise revenues is by trying to make Tesco more attractive to customers, so that more people prefer to shop with them. Theyre hading best for one simple reason: globally, millions more customers have chosen Tesco with 10 million more visits a week to their stores around the world. In 1997, when Tesco first exhibited their four part, strategy; a strong UK business, non-food, retailing services and international . at present they are a truly international retailer, with arising strength in non-food and retailing services. It appears that Tesco have opted a really beneficial strategy for international marketplace , as a matter of fact Tesco still have trouble when they expand business into some countries , for example in 2002 ;Tesco had went through troubles with expansion in Poland, Tesco faced with the economic problem and that make their cost higher to market presences. Another example in Taiwan (2000), Tesco was facing rivalry from the French titan Carrefour. These days, there are suppositions about Tescos withdrawal fiom Taiwan. From these abortive experience, Tesco realized that flourishing into new international markets is harder, Hence Tesco should be aware more about market competitory environment. Poters analysis is nevertheless useful in evaluating the competitive environment of firms these days. 4.2- Porters Five Force 4.2.1- Discussion According to Porter (1980), this model can be applied to many organisations. It postulates the external environment analysing and revolving around the structure of the industry. The objective of this type of analysis is to formulate a strategy that will enable firms to develop chances and protect them from threats. By executing so, can lead business firm competitive positioning. This concept is dividing by 5 force call Porters 5 force. The threat of entry of new competitors: In supermarket retailing, barriers to entry are high. High initial investment and fixed costs are likely to preclude many likely newbies. Additional barrier to entry is economies of scale. Tesco and other large supermarket are able to buy large bulks of goods in a lower price. In contrast, smaller new entry parties are more expected to buy smaller volumes of those goods at relatively higher prices. New firms also have to be aware that Tesco already have dedicated customers. The threat of replacements: Which, Tesco threat of replacements is high because product that Tesco sell same with to the other retailing shop. which is Tesco should examine to what extent its conceivable for customers to switch to the replacement. In such cases, Tesco should make certain that buyers gratified on their products or services. On the other hand, other companies in the same industry may choose to vie on price, which will bring down margins of profit. The bargaining power of suppliers: generally, most people have a option between another supermarket chains, who contend on price and several promotions. This can make supplier have high bargaining power. Nevertheless, Tesco is ascertaining the situation by not just order from one big supplier but by accepting a number of smaller ones. In counterpoint, the bargaining power of Tesco is expanded. If a specific supplier is committing too much, Tesco can switch to another supplier. The degree of competition between existing competitors: As we seen in the market at present that all main players in Global market as Carfoure and Wal-mart trying so hard for increase their market share. Therefore, the foodstuff market is especially challenging. 4.2.2- Challenges Tescos strategy, structure and competition are established on the framework. Its strategy is authorise, with development being acted on from four areas, the core UK grocery business, non-food, international expansion and retailing services such as financial services, the dotcom business and telecom packages. Essentially, Tesco is using its strong stable core to keep the business ticking over while it contrives new more hazardous areas of growth. 4.3- Porter Diamond strategy 4.3.1- Discussion With this strategy, the aim is to become the lowest-cost producer in the industry. Tescos sections in the industry are provided with the stress placed understating costs. If the accomplished asking price can at the least equal (or near) the average for the market, then the low-cost manufacturer will enjoy the most beneficial profits. This strategy is usually affiliated with mass businesses offering standard products with comparatively small distinction that are absolutely satisfactory to the bulk of customers. At times, a low-priced leader will also give up its product to maximize sales, specially if it has a substantial cost advantage over the competition and, in doing so, it can further step-up its market share. Tesco has established afresh affordable food line in its supermarkets as it gears up to take on discounters Aldi and Lidl. Tesco have to launch its own variants of the discounters products Within its existing stores. This way it hopes it can keep its existing customers happ y while hopefully appealing new ones. 4.3.2- Challenges As the firm aspects new situations and makes little errors through trial-and-error extending, management form more naturalistic percepts of the foreign market. The need for learning by doing at the local spacial level suggests that learning from the intemationalisation process will often be a gradual, iterative process .Tesco experienced that the opporttmity to grow a mass business in France was improbable to be accomplished under the current envirornnent where planning permit is difficult and accomplishment ratings are high. Consequently, Catteau was becoming less strategically significant. Tesco have leamed that advisors can only advise but thats all. Dont trust any investment bank today, when new decreasing, particularly in European Union or UK marketplaces demand is higher and higher, overall oil price and liquidity crisis will intensify and that will pull demand back. Tesco is foodstuff retailer, so as a whole food and agriculture industry faces hike and even peoples carrying on to feed their natural necessity. Maybe Tesco need to invest more to future food supplements. The other challenge for them is about technology as all major technology today is based on oil, gas or coal. Tesco like companies will close their door like last winter another UK retailer. Even E-commerce could be a focus for Tesco. 4.4- Product Life Cycle (PLC) 4.4.1- Discussion The PLC model is useful in explaining production models for some types of products, such as exchangeable consumer goods, but is less useful in anticipating future pattems, particularly in industries commanded by some global players. The framework presents dynamic comparative advantage. The country thats the comparative advantage in the production of the product changes from the innovating (developed) country to the growing countries. Tesco is ever expanding its business in order to keep up the rivalry to a very high level, so consequently, its critical that Tesco invest in fresh services and products so that customers demands are fulfilled. Tesco is an example of a large supennarket chain can use their customer dedication to broaden and extend their product array. Foodstuffs are always attending be the core product for Tesco but in their website or in their stores, it can be seen to find information on a range of other products completely unrelated to foodstuffs. Tesco is developing these new products and selling to their existing customer base to be able to enter these new markets. There is Tesco Finance and Insurance where access to apply for the Tesco credit card and savings account, products that in the past you would have approached the bank for. Tesco Direct is a catalogue shopping service and is seen as taking on conventional catalogue brands like Argos. By understanding the product life cycle, Tesco is able to identify new areas to move in. Presently Tesco has an electronic range of goods and services that they offer, but one thing they lack is low-cost laptops. Until now, Dell and PC World are the leading retailers of low-cost laptops. Tesco needs to buy quality laptops at a competitive price to maximize sales and increase productivity. 4.4.2- Challenges According to Daniels (2007) because of very rapid innovation, have extremely short life cycles, a factor that makes it impossible to accomplish cost simplifications by moving production fiom one country to another. As it has been told Tesco is a global retail market and still being globalized around the world. Hence, Tesco needs to move some products to a new market and an environment. In this case Tesco challenges it competitions by reducing its cost and removing products. There are plenty of difficulties in this competition such as making good research about environement to make a perfect anticipation about the best products which can be used to beat the competitors in the global market. Conclusion Properly speaking, all strategy schools and patterns are looked upon a tool for strategic information from an constitutive view and as a process for comprehending a number of different futurities for a company. This level sets the business firms goals and objectives and decides on its investments and the deployment of its resources. Thanks to applying strategic models in functioning, Tesco has took part more actively in the global market. it has proved by the success and development of Tesco in many countries in the world. References Books 1. By Marko Makipaa, The roles and types of business inhrmation in school of thought strategic management. Frontiers of e- business research Available at http://www.cs.uta.f1/isliulkaisut/2004/2004_Makipaa_2.pdf 2. Daniels J., Radebough L.H., Sullivan D. (2007), International Business: Environments And Operations, 11th edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Pg 221 3. Fernie J (2005), International Retailing, Vol 33 No 1, Emerald Group Publishing, Pg 36 4. Hill C. W. L.(2007), International Business: Competing In The Global Marketplace, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition, New Jersey, Pg 188 _ 5. Mintzberg H and Quinn B(l997), Strategic process, concept; context and case, European Edition, Prentice Hall 6. Mintzberg H, Ahlstrand B, Lampel J (1998), Strategy Safari The complete guide through the wilds of strategic management, Finance Times, Prentice Hall 7. Morrison J (2002), The International Business Environment. London, Palgrave 8. Porter E M (1985) Competitive Advantage, The Free Press , New York 9. Ttuner, P (2003), Organizational Communication: the role of the HR prokssional, Chartered Institute of Personnel Development, p69 10. Sadler P(2003), Strategic Management, 2d Edition, London, Kogan Pages. 11. Stacey, R D (2007), Strategic Management and Organizational Dynamics, Prentice Hall Financial Times, 5 Edition, p23 12. Stewart Clegg, Martin Kornberger, Tyrone Pitsis, (2005), Managing and Organizations. An Introduction to Iheoiy and Practice , Published by SAGE 13. Susanne Royer (2005), Strategic Management and Online Selling: Creating Competitive Advantage with Intangible Web Goods, Published by Routledge 14. Whittington, R (2003), What is strategy and does it matter, Thomson, 2d edition, p1O. Internet 15. http://www.accaglobal.com/documents/corporate_sector.pdt, date accessed on 29.01.09 16. http://bizcovering.com/international-business-and-trade/tesco-2/s date accessed on 16.02.09 17. http://wwvv.bizcovering.corn/international-Business-and-Trade/Tesco, date accessed -on 3-0.01.09 18. http://www.12manage.com access on 02.02 .2009 19. http://www.tesco.co.uk accessed on 28 .01. 2009 20. http://www.retailweek.com/News/2008/09/tesco__introduces__new_1owcost_food_offer .html , date accessed on 12.02.09 21. http://WWw.prneWswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=l5880, date accessed on 15.02.09 22. Tesco(2008), Annual Report and Financial Statement, date accessed on 23 .01. 2009, Available at http://wwW.tescoreports.com/downloads/teseo_report_i`1nal.pdf

Rethinking The Deterrence Theory Criminology Essay

Rethinking The Deterrence Theory Criminology Essay With much popular appeal, the concept of deterrence has been widely accepted and understood, by judges and parliamentarians alike, to be a central tenet in the principles of sentencing and the wider penal system in England and Wales. Significantly, section 142(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 expressly enjoins sentencers to take account of deterrence as one of the purposes of sentencing when determining what and how severe the appropriate punishment in a given case should be. In practice, as deterrence is widely perceived by judges, not only in the English and Welsh jurisdiction, but also elsewhere in the common law world, as a primary means through which to afford public protection, in many cases involving adult offenders, precedence has tended to be given to deterrence over other considerations in the interest of the community.  [3]  Nevertheless, tensions are palpable between deterrence and other sentencing aims.  [4]  The question of, for instance, whether punishment s hould be an end in and of itself, or whether it ought to be understood as a facilitator of the ideal of offender rehabilitation, remains in the front line of critical discourses into sentencing in the contemporary era.  [5]  Thus, it has become increasingly necessary to deliberate upon the worthiness and value of deterrence not only in the context of sentencing but also to the purpose of the entire penal system. Within this context, the following essay will proceed by first providing an overview of the paradigm of deterrence within the broader framework of the contemporary penal system. It will then attempt to identify and question the moral and empirical underpinnings thereof. Further, it argues that from a criminological or sociological perspective, efforts to achieve deterrent effect, in particular where the individual offender is concerned, are in large part counterproductive. Finally, this essay observes, whilst arguing that deterrence as a penological theory is morally and empirically unsound, that it would be impractical to assume that deterrence will be abandoned altogether in English sentencing law in the near future. Rather, the more prudent and reasonable way to approach the matter would be to continue to observe the constantly evolving concept in an era of significant social, cultural, political and economic change. In conjunction with other penal theories, elements of deterrence will appear to remain a highly influential sentencing tool. Exposition of the deterrence theory Deterrence is one of the oldest paradigmss in the history of criminological and jurisprudential inquiry. As early as in the early eighteen century, the primary purpose of state imposed punishments was said to be the reduction of crime, by means of terrifying [potential offenders] into obeying the law.  [6]  The punishment of prison and the deterrence it brings about, by the relinquishment of the fundamental freedoms, were onceived of as the best means of reducing offending in modern society  [7]  . Johnson defines the verb deter as to discourage by terror, to fright from anything.  [8]  Deterrence can also be defined as including two separate aspects, depending on the class of people being directed at, namely individual (specific) deterrence and general deterrence.  [9]  Translated into judicial language in the specific context of sentencing, a Hong Kong judge, HHJ Ching Y Wong SC, drew the distinction thus: A deterrent sentence may be in personam [that is, individual] or in rem [that is, general]. Normally if the circumstances that pertain to an offender are such that the court is of the opinion that it must be brought home to him that he is not to commit such offences again, for example, a repeat offender, a deterrent sentence  in personam  is proper. When an offence is, inter alia, so prevalent or is so serious within its class, and the court is of the opinion that those of like minds are to be strongly discouraged from committing the same or similar offences, then a deterrent sentence  in rem  is called for.  [10]   In simpler terms, specific deterrence is directed at the offender in question and is expected to prevent her from reoffending by the imposition of punishment; general deterrence, on the other hand, focuses on the public at large, and prevents potential offenders from engaging in criminal conduct in the first place.  [11]   With its roots in the classical and utilitarian thinking of crime,  [12]  the deterrence theory is often compared to a cost-benefit analysis performed in the economic field.  [13]  Underlying the theory is the assumption that all offenders, and potential offenders, are by nature rational, the hallmark of their actions being the pursuit of maximum pleasure and minimum pain. It follows that, as offenders choose, rationally and voluntarily, to commit crime, they respond readily to the perceived costs and benefits of their actions.  [14]  As Lundman explains, If their calculations suggest that perceived benefits will exceed possible costs, then rational [offenders] commit [crimes] in anticipation of enjoying rewards. However, if these calculations lead [criminals] to conclude that costs will exceed rewards, then the rational course of action is to seek gratification in ways other than [criminality].  [15]   In other words, if the calculation of the consequences of offending leads to the conclusion that there is more to be lost than there is to be gained from committing crime, the potential offenders should be naturally deterred.  [16]  Thus, within the utilitarian framework criminals are invariably errant, though still rational, individuals whose perversity or anti-social self interests serve to offer some perceived benefits of offending.  [17]  It is in this light that Bentham passionately argues for the usefulness of deterrence, on the ground that the threat of punishment is the force employed to restrain [possible offenders] from commission of crime, from which the pain of punishment might result.  [18]   Underlain by these ideas of rationality and self-interest, for deterrence theorists there are certain qualities necessary to an effective deterrent punishment. As Newburn elaborates on these qualities first enunciated by Beccaria  [19]  , punishment must come with certainty and be enforced consistently, and that it does should be acknowledged by the offender; there must be celerity in the law, with punishment coming as promptly as possible, in order that both the public and the offender himself could see the relationship between the punishment and the offence as inevitably causal; and finally, it must be properly proportionate to the crime, namely one that is relatively mild and moderate and inflicts pain just exceeding the advantage derivable from the crime.  [20]   Moral problems with the deterrence theory An emphasis on deterrence often leads to a harsher sentence than the offender would otherwise be deemed to deserve.  [21]  The Court of Appeal has held, relying on the Strasbourg jurisprudence, that the legitimate object of deterrence can, in appropriate cases, amply justify such sentences.  [22]  It seems apparent that in such cases the sentencing aim of deterrence can be paramount. Whilst weight would, in theory, have been accorded to the interests of the offender, where the alleged crimes are considered as threatening the wider community, the utilitarian theory of deterrence demands that individual rights and proportionality, in its narrow sense, subsume under the societal interests.  [23]   Young is critical of this judicial use of deterrence as a sentence enhancing factor.  [24]  He argues, not unconvincingly, that the theory is arguably inconsistent with fundamental notions of justice.  [25]  Indeed, why a persons liberty need be sacrificed for the educational impact it will have on others is a legitimate question to pose. This concern has been shared by del Vecchio, who emphatically stated that the human person always bears in himself something sacred, and it is therefore not permissible to treat him merely as a means towards an end outside of himself.  [26]   A more fundamental moral weakness of the notion of deterrence pertains to the coherency of its ideological premise rationality. As in the analysis in Part I, deterrence has traditionally built upon the premise that individuals will desist from reoffending because of the fear inherent in the discipline and punishment meted out by the state. In a moral sense, then, a semblance of common reasoning is central to the application of the utilitarian understanding of deterrence. Yet, as the famous philosopher John Rawls persuasively argues, there is no reason to assume that our sense of justice can be adequately characterised by familiar common sense precepts or derived from the more obvious learning principles.  [27]   It seems indeed somewhat simplistic to assume offenders as rational beings before or in the course of committing a crime. As the Home Office rightly conceded in 1990, offenders very seldom weigh up the possibilities prior to their conduct and typically do not act only after on rational premeditation.  [28]  In many instances criminals need to take their decisions hastily. Two young males fighting in a public street, for example, are unlikely to have ever thought about the consequences of their actions in the heat of the moment.  [29]  Moreover, as Cornish and Clarke argue, the decision-making process of offenders is remarkably limited in their understanding of possibilities, potentials and consequences.  [30]  For instance, most petty criminals are often badly informed about the criminal liability, let alone the penalties, associated with the crimes they commit.  [31]  As a result, even accepting that offenders are rational, it would be difficult, if not impossible, f or offenders to have accurately balanced the costs and benefits of the commission of the criminal act.  [32]   The weakness becomes even more obvious in the case of such rarer but usually more horrendous crimes as those involving violence, the offenders of which are characteristically not reasoning. Hudson plausibly argues that crimes of such kind are usually committed without a prior careful calculation of risk.  [33]  Most killings, for instance, are not rationally planned, but are impulsive and driven by strong emotion.  [34]  In other instances, such are crimes that involve intentionality where offenders commit crime regardless of the risk.  [35]   Interestingly, probably comprehending the moral difficulties existing therein, English courts have rarely invoked deterrence as a standalone ground for an otherwise disproportionate sentence. It is often relied on in conjunction with other penal theories. Deterrence has, according to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, customarily been recognised as the twin of punishment.  [36]  Thus some commentators have gone further in contending that, in fact, punitiveness resides in the epicentre of the contemporary penal policies supposedly informed by the utilitarian principles of deterrence.  [37]  For them, the current political discourse and policy initiatives [blame] the offenders, [silence] excuses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and [see] the punishment of the wrongdoer as the proper response.  [38]  Deterrence, then, has not been upheld on any principled basis, but has rather been reduced to a morality that has to be upheld whatever the functional benefits.  [39]   As a result, from a philosophical perspective, classical utilitarianism upon which the theory of deterrence is based would seem quite unable to do justice to the mode in which many of our actual ends matter to us.  [40]   The epirical (in)validity of the deterrence theory It seems fair, to say that the empirical literature examining deterrence has not yielded enormous success different studies often tend to contradict each other, on occasions directly and completely.  [41]  Some evidence suggests that swift punishments do not abate the incidence of subsequent crimes any more than delayed punishments, owing to the cognitive capacity of humans to imagine.  [42]  More research efforts have been put into the consideration of the other two aspects of deterrence. By and large, there is some evidence, albeit anecdotal in one way or another, showing that certainty of punishment has a greater deterrent effect than does severity of punishment.  [43]   However, even this is more than what Radzinowicz and King have been prepared to accept. They quite sensibly argue that, more precisely, it is the certainty of detection or intervention, not of punishment, that is the more crucial element in deterrence.  [44]  Lending support to this view, commenting on figures in the United States, Cornish and Clarke suggests that offenders are more likely to be put off by the immediate fear of exposure and being caught, as opposed to the threat of some penalty relatively remote in time.  [45]  Thus it may not be any surprise when Gough concludes that deterrence should only be a minor consideration, if occupying a role to play at all, for the purposes of sentencing.  [46]  What is needed, in Goughs opinion, is tougher enforcement and targeted strategies that increase detection certainty, rather than any toughening of sanctions. On the other hand, there is a more critical view that the reduction of crime in these studies cannot be ascribed to deterrence. What have been influential might well have been the incapacitating effect of the punishment or other myriad variables quite apart from the risks of punishment, including the motive for the crime, the strength of the temptation, the strength of inhibitions or moral revulsion against it.  [47]   In any case, all these studies, deriving as they do from crime statistics, must be interpreted with caution, whether they be supportive or dismissive of the deterrence principles. After all, there are no such things as empirical truths as such.  [48]  In determining whether or not deterrence should be regarded as being beset by empirical difficulties, the entire discussion would prove moot if one does not appreciate the problem of interpreting crime statistics in the first place. Notoriously, any organised way of understanding about crime, criminals and crime control framed in definitional and empirical terms is intricately problematic.  [49]  Ultimately, criminality is a natural by-product of such industrial, capitalist experience as economic growth, the easier availability of social opportunities, and the increased recognition of individual liberties.  [50]  It is essentially a social construct, varying as it does across time, place and people.  [51]  Viewed from such a perspective, deterrence is but part of a means devised by the state to statistically manage the social problem of crime.  [52]  Put in this wider social and political perspective, the extent to which deterrence is, just as punishment, thought to be a fundamentally important social theory inescapably reflects the broader political economy of the urban society in which one lives.  [53]   As such, although crime data and criminal statistics are ostensibly transparent and open manifestations of offending patterns, to divorce the quantifiable empirical data from the broader politicisation of crime would be an unrealistic exercise provided the complex settings in the modern liberal democracy such as this country, in which crime, sociology and political economy are inextricably intertwined.  [54]  Doubts have therefore historically been cast onto the verity of the official figures with the most pessimistic criminological interpretations suggesting that crime statistics are universally doctored, and thus of limited worth to the understanding of the relationship between crime, the state and punishment.  [55]  In the final analysis, imagining crime figures as being free from bias would be to ignore the tension between broad generalization and the specification of empirical particulars,  [56]  and the interpretation thereof will inevitably entails an overly object ive view of an inherently subjective phenomenon.  [57]   The anti-deterrent effects of punishment: a criminological perspective Some criminologists do not merely dismiss deterrence as unconvincing, but have gone further in arguing that, quite far from producing the intended result, fear of punishment might sometimes lead directly to the commission of crime. It is possible that a criminal who has already offended, but not yet apprehended, feels that they have little to lose from further offending, because they have to be punished anyway. As Taylor cites as a striking example, at some point in the last century, a substantial minority of unmarried women in Scotland have been driven to commit infanticide exactly because of the fear of being publicly humiliated as a punishment for adultery.  [58]   For those who have been apprehended and punished, further offending behaviour is still not impossible under the labelling theory, under which criminality is to be thought of as a quality created inevitably when punitive sanctions are applied to behaviour considered to be offending.  [59]  The offender takes on a criminal identity when he is labelled as such by a range of social reactions, including and following the imposition of an official sanction, which has the effect of isolating her from society.  [60]  Her opportunity to live by legitimate means whilst being labelled criminal would quite conceivably be reduced considerably, and resort might then have to be had to illegitimate ways of life. In this way the label is dramatised to the extent that it becomes entrenched and internalised.  [61]  In this light, the labelled, stigmatised and socially isolated, have to accept their status as criminals and rebuild their lives accordingly, leading to a greater degree of devia nce.  [62]   In this sense, punishment within the context of deterrence may in truth be counterproductive in reducing incidence of recidivism.  [63]  With all the negative social interactions that punishment entails, a sentence which speaks to the deterrence of the individual offender appears to reinforce the self-prophecy of criminality, render reintegration into the conventional world difficult, and a criminal career almost inevitable.  [64]  Thus punishment with a deterrent element may ironically result in the promotion of the kind of activities that it is designed to prevent. Conclusion: Abandoning deterrenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦or not? Deterrence has for the most part been discounted as an effective and justifiable approach to sentencing by academics, in particular criminologists, who are often more willing to consider the causes in addition to the consequences of criminal activity.  [65]  However, the popular appeal of the notion as a commonsense approach to sentencing appears to persist to this day. Given the important case of Attuh-Benson,  [66]  it seems unlikely that attempts, however able and sincere, to bring the criticisms levelled against the usefulness of deterrence before the courts would be of any avail. There the Court of Appeal forcefully pronounced that [i]f a different approach is to be adopted it should be in response to guidance from the Sentencing Guidelines Council who may wish to consider this matter.  [67]  After all, it is important to bear in mind that the way in which the state responds to criminality has always constituted an inexorably divisive conundrum with hardly any consensus as to what ought to represent a just punishment.  [68]  And sentencers, even those of the eminence and seniority of the Lord Justices of Appeal, will understandably consider and defer to the legislative objectives set forth in the Criminal Justice Act 2003, one of those being deterrence. Indeed, according to established principles of the common law, this is not an ar ea in which the court should, in the words of Borins DCJ, sitting in the Canadian Supreme Court, pass on the wisdom of Parliament.  [69]  As such, discourses of deterrence are likely to remain a distinguishing feature of the English sentencing policy, as in elsewhere in the world. (4172 words) Table of cases: Canada: Ciccone  (1974) 7  SASR 11  October, 113 Guiller (1985) 48 CR (3d) 226 Luxton  (1990) 58 CCC (3d) 449 Smith (1987) 34 CCC (3d) 97 England and Wales: Attuh-Benson [2004] EWCA Crim 3032 Bieber [2008] EWCA Crim 1601 Brown v Stott  [2001] 2 WLR 817 Holloway  (1982) 4 Cr. App. R. (S) 128 Howells  [1999]  1 All ER  50 Sargeant (1974) 60 Cr App R 74   Zampa  (1984) 6 Cr. App. R. (S) 110 European Court of Human Rights: Ezeh Connors v. United Kingdom  (2004) 39 EHRR 1 Hong Kong: AG v Tang King-ming  [1986] HKLR 211 HKSAR v Hiroyuki Takeda [1998] 1 HKLRD 931 Secretary for Justice v Ma Ping-wah [2000] 2 HKLRD 312